先解释一下什么叫”DFX”。”DFX”是Design for X的简称。是指面向产品生命周期的设计，这里的X是指产品生命周期中的任何一个环节。例如产品制造、产品装配、产品检测、产品维修、环保等等。DFX这个设计方法是世界上先进的新产品开发的一种技术。

DFX的内容包括：

• DFM（Design for Manufacturability）：面向制造的设计
• DFA（Design for Assembily）：面向装配的设计
• DFAA（Design for Automatic Assembly）：面向自动化装配的设计
• DFT（Design for Test）：面向测试的设计
• DFQ（Design for Quality）：面向质量的设计
• DFC（Design for Cost）：面向成本的设计
• DFM（Design for Maintenance）：面向维修的设计
• DFR（Design for Recycling）：面向回收的设计
• DFE（Design for Environment）：面向环境的设计等等。

……

以上，我们把它统称为DFX。比如：我们目前在汽车行业IATF16949标准条文中明确提出：要求就有DFM和DFA。也就是说在我们汽车行业做产品设计的时候，一定要考虑到产品的可制造性和产品的可装配性。DFM面向制造的设计，我们设计的每个零部件都要很好制造，这个就叫DFM。DFA是我们设计的产品要很好装配，零件要越少越好，零件种类越少越好，最好做好标准化设计、模块化设计等等。这个面向装配的设计就让制造起来很简单，装配起来很轻松。这个是DFM和DFA。

当前越来越多的企业开始自动化装配。未来的工业4.0，它的一个理念就是要实现无人化工厂、无灯化工厂。比如说以后我们的零部件进去产品就出来了，要达到工业4.0，必须要做好DFAA，叫面向自动化装配的设计。那也就是说我们设计的产品，那我们在制造过程当中机械手怎么去抓取零部件、怎么去装配零部件要很方便，不需要靠人都可以自动装配，这叫DFAA。

而DFT就是面向测试的设计。就是我们的产品在前生命周期内有一些故障，它能不能自我发现它有故障。比如说我们能用手一摸，就知道发烧了啊，叫每个人自我检测，能知道我自己发烧了，然后我要去找药了，之后去看医生。那我们的设备也是一样、我们的产品也是一样，汽车也是一样。比如有没有一种方法能够自我探测：我这个车有没有出现故障，我这个产品会不会出现故障？出现故障之前我就能检测出来，而不是出现故障之后才停下来或者是报警。我们提前就把它探测出来，这就叫面向测试的设计。

面向质量的设计呢？我们叫零缺陷的设计。就是怎么来设计才能让我们的产品全生命周期内不容易出现故障、质量很好、很稳定。

面向成本的设计呢？就是指我们产品如果要跟竞争对手去竞争，质量是一个方面、成本是另外一个方面。如果我们的成本没有优势，那么我们竞争就没有优势。所以呢，怎么才能把成本降下去叫面向成本的设计，怎么通过设计降本，我们把这个叫DFC。例如：为降低加工成本，打算去掉一个倒角，这是从Design for Cost的角度优化设计。此时，我们需要思考的斜倒角去掉会不会影响到DFX的其他方面，例如产品的功能实现、安全和可靠性等。

DFM叫面向维修的设计。那我们知道产品在前生命周期内呢，或多或少都有一些零部件容易出现故障。那这些零部件会磨损、会出现故障。我们就要更换，更换起来就要方便，很简单很快捷，这叫面向维修的设计，意思就是维修起来很简单，很方便很轻松。

接下来说一下面向回收的设计DFR，就是当产品报废之后怎么回收利用？这些材料怎么样让它们不会污染我们的环境等等，让这些报废的材料能够回收利用起来，这叫面向回收的设计。比如说我们知道电池它会污染环境。所以现在越来越多有社会责任的企业，它在设计汽车电池、电池包的时候，他们就会想到电池或电池包变成报废之后这个产品怎么更好的回收利用，这叫面向回收的设计。

最后说一下面向环境的设计DFE，就是我们在选用各种材料的时候，要想方设法去选择那些环保的材料，让我们的产品在前生命周期内甚至报废之后，都不会污染我们的环境。这个就叫面向环境的设计。

翻译：

What is DFX?

First explain what “DFX” means. DFX” is short for Design for X. Refers to the design for the product life cycle, where X refers to any link in the product life cycle. For example, product manufacturing, product assembly, product testing, product maintenance, environmental protection and so on. DFX This design method is one of the world’s most advanced new product development techniques.

The contents of DFX include:

DFM (Design for Manufacturability) : Design for Manufacturing

DFA (Design for Assembily) : Design for assembly

DFAA (Design for Automatic Assembly) : Design for automatic assembly

DFT (Design for Test) : Design for test

DFQ (Design for Quality) : Design for quality

DFC (Design for Cost) : Design for cost

Design for Maintenance (DFM) : Design for maintenance

DFR (Design for Recycling) : Design for recycling

DFE (Design for Environment) : Design for the environment, etc.

…

Above, we refer to it collectively as DFX. For example: we are currently in the automotive industry IATF16949 standard provisions clearly stated: the requirements are DFM and DFA. That is to say, when we do product design in the automotive industry, we must consider the manufacturability of the product and the assemblability of the product. DFM manufacturing-oriented design, we design each part to be very good manufacturing, this is called DFM. DFA is our designed products to be very good assembly, the fewer parts the better, the fewer parts the better, the better, the better to do standardized design, modular design and so on. This assembly-oriented design makes it simple to manufacture and easy to assemble. This is DFM and DFA.

At present, more and more enterprises begin to automate assembly.

The future of industry 4.0, one of its ideas is to achieve unmanned chemical plants, no lamp chemical plants. For example, in the future, our parts will come out of the product, to achieve industry 4.0, we must do a good job of DFAA, called the design for automated assembly. That is to say, the products we design, that we in the manufacturing process, how to grab parts, how to assemble parts to be very convenient, do not need to rely on people can automatically assemble, which is called DFAA.

And DFT is design for testing. Is that our product has some failure in the previous life cycle, it can self-discover that it has a failure. For example, we can touch with our hands and know that we have a fever. Ask everyone to self-test and know that I have a fever. Then I have to find medicine and go to the doctor. Then our equipment is the same, our products are the same, the car is the same. For example, is there a way to self-detect: is there a fault in my car, and will there be a fault in my product? I can detect a fault before it occurs, instead of stopping or calling the police after it occurs. We detect it in advance, which is called design for testing.

What about quality-oriented design? We call it zero defect design. It is how to design so that our products are not easy to fail in the whole life cycle, the quality is very good and stable.

What about cost-oriented design?

It means that if our products want to compete with competitors, quality is one aspect and cost is another. If we don’t have a cost advantage, then we don’t have an advantage to compete. So, how can we bring the cost down is called cost-oriented design, how can we reduce the cost through design, we call this DFC. for example, in order to reduce the processing Cost, it is intended to remove a chamfer, which is to optimize the Design from the perspective of Design for Cost. At this time, we need to think about whether the removal of the bevel will affect other aspects of DFX, such as the functional realization of the product, safety and reliability.

DFM is called maintenance oriented design. So we know that in the first life cycle of the product, more or less there are some parts prone to failure. Then those parts will wear out and break down. We have to replace, replace it will be convenient, very simple and fast, this is called maintenance oriented design, meaning that maintenance is very simple, very convenient and easy.

Now let’s talk about design for recycling DFR, which is how do you recycle a product after it’s gone?

How do these materials make them not pollute our environment and so on, so that these discarded materials can be recycled, which is called recycling-oriented design. For example, we know that batteries pollute the environment. So now more and more socially responsible enterprises, when it is designing car batteries, battery packs, they will think about how to better recycle the product after the battery or battery packs become scrapped, which is called recycling-oriented design.

Finally, let’s talk about the environment-oriented design DFE, that is, when we choose a variety of materials, we should try our best to choose those environmentally friendly materials, so that our products will not pollute our environment in the first life cycle or even after scrap. This is called design for the environment

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