一、数字化转型的来源

数字化是由英语翻译过来的，因翻译和表达的差异，把原来有区别的几个词，翻译成一个词，即“数字化“。和数字化相关的概念有三个，分别是数字化转换（Digitization）、数字化升级（Digitalization）、数字化转型（Digital transformation）。

根据高德纳（Gartner）的IT Glossary给出的解释：

➢数字化转换（Digitization）反映的是“信息的数字化”，指的是从模拟形态到数字形态的转换过程（the process of changing from analog to digital form），比如证照的数字化、纸质工作记录的数字化、声音的数字化（从磁带到CD的变化）等；

➢数字化升级（Digitalization）强调的是“流程的数字化”，即运用数字技术改造商业模式、产生新的收益和价值创造机会。例如企业资源计划（ERP）系统、客户关系管理（CRM）系统、供应链管理（SCM）系统等，都是将工作流程进行了数字化，从而倍增了工作协同效率、资源利用效率，为企业创造了信息化价值。

➢数字化转型（Digital transformation）则是开发数字化技术及支持能力，新建一个富有活力的数字化商业模式。因此，数字化转型完全超越了信息的数字化或工作流程的数字化，着力于实现“业务的数字化”，使公司在一个新型的数字化商业环境中发展出新的业务（商业模式）和新的核心竞争力。

数字化转型最早在2012年由国际商业机器公司（IBM）提出，强调了应用数字技术重塑客户价值主张和增强客户交互与协作。数字化转型不同于数字化（digitization），后者仅仅涉及将模拟信息转化为数字信息，而数字化转型涉及的是业务流程的变化及组织结构与战略模式的变革。

我国政府自2017年以来已经连续四年将“数字经济”写入政府工作报告，并在十四五规划纲要中提出“以数字化转型整体驱动生产方式、生活方式和治理方式变革”，数字化转型从企业（组织）层面上升为国家战略。 

在此，我们讨论的主体是企业数字化转型尤其是制造业企业的数字化转型。

二、数字化转型的定义

“数字化转型”概念被提及以来，受到各行各业的重视，纷纷探索企业的数字化转型之路。全球主要国家纷纷出台相关政策，加速推进企业数字化转型，并涌现出一批数字化转型相关的研究机构，从理论性和应用性角度开展数字化转型理论和实践探索。那么究竟什么是数字化转型？『制造前沿』精选了官方机构、知名公司以及咨询机构对数字化转型的定义与阐释。

➢《GB/T 23011-2022信息化和工业化融合 数字化转型 价值效益参考模型》：

数字化转型是顺应新一轮科技革命和产业变革趋势，不断深化应用云计算、大数据、物联网、人工智能、区块链等新一代信息技术，激发数据要素创新驱动潜能，打造提升信息时代生存和发展能力，加速业务优化升级和创新转型，改造提升传统动能，培育发展新动能，创造、传递并获取新价值，实现转型升级和创新发展的过程。

➢国务院发展研究中心：数字化转型是利用新一代信息技术，构建数据的采集、传输、存储、处理和反馈的闭环，打通不同层级与不同行业间的数据壁垒，提高行业整体的运行效率，构建全新的数字经济体系。其目的在信息技术的支持下，实现各行业数据的整合和发展，从而推动以数字化为特征的数字经济进入崭新的发展阶段。 

➢国家工业信息安全发展研究中心：数字化转型是在业务数据化后利用人工智能、大数据、云计算、区块链、5G等新一代信息技术，通过数据整合，通过对组织、业务、市场、产品开发、供应链、制造等经济要素进行全方位变革，实现提升效率、控制风险，提升产品和服务的竞争力，形成物理世界与数字世界并在的局面。

➢IBM：数字化转型就是通过整合数字和物理要素，进行整体战略规划，实现业务模式转型，并为整个行业确定新的方向。

对于中国企业，IBM研究后认为，企业要进行数字化转型，赢得未来的核心竞争力，必须通过科技赋能获得。而科技赋能要靠六大根基：「一个中心」——以客户体验为中心，「五种核心能力」——洞察的决策力、智能的应变力、持续的创新力、永续的运营力和敏捷的执行力。

➢西门子：数字化转型指的是，为了业务活动和流程采用数据和数字化解决方案。它让企业员工通过数字化工作流充分提升技术投资的价值。数字化转型并不只是单纯地将手动流程替换为数字化流程，而是期望取得文化转变结果并采用重新构想的流程充分利用定义明确的数字化策略。

➢SAP：数字化转型意味着对客户体验、业务模式和运营模式的一种彻底反思，其目的在于寻找新的方法来交付价值、创造收入和提高效率。

➢华为：所谓数字化转型，即通过新一代数字技术的深入运用，构建一个全感知、全联接、全场景、全智能的数字世界，进而优化再造物理世界的业务，对传统管理模式、业务模式、商业模式进行创新和重塑，最终实现业务成功。

➢阿里巴巴：阿里巴巴提倡「一切业务数据化，一切数据业务化」，认为数字化「是一个从业务到数据、再让数据回到业务的过程」。阿里巴巴认为，企业数字化转型关键在于三点：IT 架构统一、业务中台互联网化、数据在线智能化。

➢麦肯锡：数字化转型的目标应该是通过持续大规模部署技术来建立竞争优势以改善客户体验并降低成本。

➢IDC：数字化转型是利用数字化技术（例如云计算、大数据、人工智能、物联网、区块链等）和能力来驱动组织商业模式创新和商业生态系统重构的途径和方法即是数字化转型。其目的是实现企业业务的转型、创新、增长。

➢埃森哲：数字化转型的最显著特征就是通过数字化应用提升运营效率。埃森哲认为数字化转型的战略方向已经从“业 务求新”进化到“全面重塑”，企业应当尽快转变思维。实现全面重塑的企业有 望领先跃变，在面向未来的竞争中占据先机，成为新的明日之星。

总结一下，数字化转型应当体现数字技术的应用和组织的深刻变革两个明显特征。通过应用数字技术，数字化转型旨在寻求组织在基础设施、产品和服务、业务流程、商业模式和策略或者组织间关系甚至组织网络上的根本转变。

三、数字化转型的特征

无论如何定义，数字化转型都有以下特点：

1.数字化转型是一个长期战略，需要不断迭代。

第一，数字化转型是一个长期持续的过程，需要从企业战略层面做好规划，不能依靠个别项目的成功实现数字化转型。第二，数字化转型是分阶段的，不能一开始就进行全局转型，需要结合企业的现状制定匹配当前发展模式的数字化转型之路，分阶段实现目标。第三，数字化转型是随着社会发展、业务变化不断调整的过程。

2.数字化转型的关键举措是数据要素驱动。

数据是继土地、劳动力、资本、技术之后的第五大生产要素，在企业构筑竞争优势过程中越来越重要。数据驱动是将企业的数据资产梳理清楚，对之进行集成、共享、挖掘，从而发现问题，驱动创新；同时数据是最客观的，最直接的，能够帮忙管理者化繁为简，透过复杂的流程看到业务的本质，更好得指导经营生产。

 3.数字化转型是业务与技术双轮驱动的。

数字化转型的驱动力来源于是业务与技术两个方面，是业务与技术双轮驱动的过程。业务与技术的深度融合是数字化与信息化最大的不同，数字化转型不仅是技术部门的事 情，更需要技术部门和业务部门之间强有力的配合。

4.数字化转型是长期规划与局部建设协同进行。

数字化转型必须从战略层面针对业务全局制定总体规划设计，但在实际落地时必须从业务局部入手，逐步建设，逐渐扩展业务范围。如果按照总体规划设计，全面进行业务建设，战线拉得太长便对组织管理和协同提出更高的要求，在数字化地基不稳固、数字化人才不足的情况下，成功率会很低。但是如果只是从局部出发，其他方面的不完善也会影响局部数字化转型效果，所以在制定规划时，需要把握总体规划和局部实施的匹配度，在业务模式、企业文化、组织人才等保障方面做好相应规划。

四、数字化与信息化

很多人经常把”信息化“与”数字化“混淆，甚至认为数字化就是信息化。在此，『制造前沿』将分析一下”信息化“与”数字化“的联系与区别。

信息化一词最早是由日本学者梅棹忠夫（Tadao Umesao）在20世纪60年代提出，我国在《2006—2020年国家信息化发展战略》中将信息化定义为：“信息化是充分利用信息技术，开发利用信息资源，促进信息交流和知识共享，提高经济增长质量，推动经济社会发展转型的历史进程”。信息化在很长时间内是我国开展信息技术应用的代名词，但广义信息化与工业化一样，本质上指的是工业化之后人类正在进入的新历史进程。

具体到在企业的应用和发展阶段而言，信息化解决的是效率问题，而数字化则是业务价值导向，也就是通常说的给业务赋能。

1、信息化：“业务数据化”，先让业务流程能被数据记录下来。

信息化是IT支撑业务的概念，IT为了实现业务的功能来建设信息系统。

信息化=“业务数据化”。

即：让企业的生产、采购、销售过程，以及客户服务、现金流动等过程中所产生的数据，在业务系统上用数据记录下来。

核心和本质是运用计算机、数据库等信息技术，实现企业的业务流程数据管理，典型工具是信息化系统，例如：报表工具、OA、ERP、CRM、SRM、PLM等。

2、数字化：“数据业务化”，用已累积的业务数据去反哺优化业务流程。

数字化是IT与 业务融合的概念，数字化不止是实现业务功能，还需要赋能业务发展，应用数字化手段进行运营等。

数字化=“数据业务化”。

即：把信息化过程中，长期积累下来的交易数据、用户数据、潜客数据、产品数据等，不断整合融入到企业的经营管理中，通过数据发现问题/商机、用数据优化业务组合。

核心和本质是运用大数据、云计算等数字技术，实现企业的业务创新，其重点关注的是“数据驱动业务”，典型的工具是数据化系统，例如：BI工具、数据仓库、数据平台等。

在信息化时代，IT被定位成业务的支撑部门，经常是被动得实现业务的需求和IT系统的构建，但是在数字化时代，IT需要走向前端与业务部门共同交付商业价值，业务与IT需要深度融合在一起。数字化人才队伍也需要同时具备业务与技术融合能力，或者成立业务团队与技术团队高度融合的综合型团队。

数字化通常来说是信息化的延伸，是信息化的下一个阶段，即信息化是数字化的基础，数字化是信息化的高阶阶段。但是数字化阶段也可以和信息化阶段并存，或者企业从一开始就进入数字化阶段， 比如数据原生类企业。

五、数字化转型的本质

数字化转型是数字技术对企业的全面重塑。与传统信息化相比，数字化转型是从技术应用向全面重塑的转变，本质上是利用新一代数字化、网络化、智能化技术对企业实现更深层次的重塑与再造，是脱胎换骨式的自我革新，是利用数字技术对传统业务、管理、商业和服务模式进行全面的重塑，是利用数字化技术和能力来驱动企业商业模式创新和商业生态系统重构的途径与方法。

六、企业数字化转型现状

数字化转型已成大多数企业的共识。全球知名调研机构IDC此前曾对2000位跨国企业CEO做过一项调查，结果显示，全球1000强企业中的67%、中国1000强企业中的76%都将把数字化转型作为企业的战略核心。

中国有4700万家中小企业，但其中79%的中小企业数字化转型处于起步阶段，还有很大的提升空间。

不管是大型企业还是中小型企业，目前企业发展处于哪个阶段，都无需对数字化转型发生焦虑和恐惧，立足当下开启数字化转型之路都会对企业发展产生益处。目前，数字化转型成为企业生死存亡的重要举措，数字化转型是一项长期的系统工程，对于企业的影响不是立竿见影的，是企业的数字化转型发展到一定程度、到达一个临界点后，数字化就快速发挥效果，助力企业进入飞速发展阶段。对于大型企业来说，具备丰富的资源储备，可以做好企业数字化转型全局规划，制定统一路线，从数据治理等方面打造好转型基础，依据规划逐步实现企业发展战略。对于中小企业而言，可从业务痛点着手，分阶段进行局部的数字化，小步快跑。

翻译：

01 Sources of digital transformation

Digitization is translated from English, because of the differences in translation and expression, several words that were originally different are translated into one word, that is, “digitization”. There are three concepts related to Digitalization, namely Digitization, digitalization, and Digital transformation.

Gartner’s definition of digitalization (figure from the web)

According to Gartner’s IT Glossary:

➢ Digitization reflects the “digitization of information”, referring to the process of changing from analog to digital form, Such as the digitization of certificates, the digitization of paper work records, the digitization of sound (the change from tape to CD), etc.;

Digitalization emphasizes the “digitization of processes”, that is, the use of digital technologies to transform business models, generate new revenue and value creation opportunities. For example, the enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, customer relationship management (CRM) system, supply chain management (SCM) system, etc..

All digitize the work process, thereby doubling the work collaboration efficiency and resource utilization efficiency, and creating information value for enterprises.

Digital transformation (Digital transformation) is the development of digital technology and support capabilities to create a dynamic digital business model. Therefore, digital transformation completely goes beyond the digitization of information or the digitization of work processes, focusing on the realization of “digitization of business”, enabling companies to develop new businesses (business models) and new core competencies in a new digital business environment.

Digital definition interpretation (figure from the Internet)

First proposed by International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) in 2012, digital transformation emphasizes the application of digital technologies to reshape customer value propositions and enhance customer interaction and collaboration. Unlike digitization, which involves only the conversion of analog information into digital information, digital transformation involves changes in business processes and organizational structures and strategic models.

Since 2017, the Chinese government has written the “digital economy” into the government work report for four consecutive years, and proposed in the outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan that “digital transformation drives the transformation of production mode, lifestyle and governance mode as a whole”, and digital transformation has risen from the enterprise (organization) level to the national strategy.

Here, the subject of our discussion is the digital transformation of enterprises, especially the digital transformation of manufacturing enterprises.

02 Definition of digital transformation

Since the concept of “digital transformation” was mentioned, it has been attached importance by all walks of life, and they have explored the road of digital transformation of enterprises. Major countries around the world have introduced relevant policies to accelerate the digital transformation of enterprises, and a number of digital transformation-related research institutions have emerged to carry out theoretical and practical exploration of digital transformation from a theoretical and applied perspective.

So what exactly is digital transformation? “Manufacturing Frontiers” features definitions and interpretations of digital transformation by government agencies, well-known companies and consulting agencies.

➢ “GB/T 23011-2022 Digital Transformation Value and Benefit Reference Model for Integration of Informatization and Industrialization” :

Digital transformation is to adapt to the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, continue to deepen the application of cloud computing, big data, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, blockchain and other new generation of information technologies, stimulate the potential of data elements to drive innovation, build and improve the survival.

And development of the information age, accelerate business optimization and upgrading and innovation transformation.

Transform and upgrade traditional drivers, foster and develop new drivers. The process of creating, delivering and acquiring new value, achieving transformation, upgrading and innovative development.

➢ Development Research Center of The State Council: Digital transformation is to use a new generation of information technology to build a closed loop of data collection, transmission, storage, processing and feedback, open up data barriers between different levels and different industries, improve the overall operating efficiency of the industry, and build a new digital economic system. Its purpose is to realize the integration and development of data in various industries under the support of information technology, so as to promote the digital economy characterized by digitalization into a new stage of development.

➢ National Industrial Information Security Development Research Center: Digital transformation refers to the use of new generation information technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, blockchain and 5G after business datalization, through data integration.

And all-round changes in economic factors such as organization, business, market, product development, supply chain and manufacturing, so as to improve efficiency, control risks and enhance the competitiveness of products and services. Form a situation where the physical world and the digital world coexist.

IBM: Digital transformation is about integrating digital and physical elements, conducting overall strategic planning, transforming business models, and setting new directions for the entire industry.

For Chinese enterprises, IBM believes that in order for enterprises to carry out digital transformation and win the core competitiveness of the future.

They must be obtained through technology empowerment. Technology empowerment depends on six foundations: “One center” – customer experience as the center, “five core competencies” – insight decision-making. Intelligent response, continuous innovation, sustainable operation and agile execution.

➢ Digital transformation refers to the adoption of data and digital solutions for business activities and processes. It enables employees to maximize the value of their technology investments through digital workflows. Digital transformation is not simply about replacing manual processes with digital ones, but about expecting a cultural shift and reimagining processes to take advantage of well-defined digital strategies.

➢SAP: Digital transformation means a radical rethink of customer experience, business models and operating models to find new ways to deliver value, generate revenue and improve efficiency.

➢ The so-called digital transformation, that is, through the in-depth application of a new generation of digital technology, to build a full perception, full connection, full scene, full intelligence of the digital world, and then optimize the business of the physical world, the traditional management model, business model, business model innovation and reshaping, and ultimately achieve business success.

➢ Alibaba: Alibaba advocates “all business data, all data business”, believes that digitalization “is a process from business to data, and then let the data back to the business”. Alibaba believes that the key to enterprise digital transformation lies in three points: unified IT architecture. Internet-based business, and online intelligent data.

McKinsey: The goal of digital transformation should be to build a competitive advantage to improve customer experience and reduce costs through continuous large-scale deployment of technology.

IDC: Digital transformation is the way and method to use digital technologies (such as cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, blockchain, etc.) and capabilities to drive organizational business model innovation and business ecosystem reconstruction. Its purpose is to realize the transformation, innovation and growth of enterprise business.

➢ Accenture: The most significant feature of digital transformation is to improve operational efficiency through digital applications. Accenture believes that the strategic direction of digital transformation has evolved from “business innovation” to “total reinvention”.

And enterprises should change their thinking as soon as possible. Enterprises that achieve comprehensive reshaping are expected to lead the leap, take the lead in the competition for the future. And become the new stars of tomorrow.

To sum up, digital transformation should embody two distinct characteristics. The application of digital technologies and a profound change in the organization. Through the application of digital technologies, digital transformation seeks to transform an organization’s infrastructure, products and services, business processes, business models and strategies, or inter-organizational relationships or even organizational networks.

03 Characteristics of digital transformation

However defined, digital transformation has the following characteristics:

Digital transformation is a long-term strategy that requires constant iteration.

First, digital transformation is a long-term and continuous process, which needs to be planned from the strategic level of the enterprise. And cannot rely on the success of individual projects to achieve digital transformation. Second, digital transformation is phased, and global transformation cannot be carried out at the beginning. It is necessary to formulate a digital transformation road matching the current development model in combination with the current situation of the enterprise. And achieve the goal in stages. Third, digital transformation is the process of constantly adjusting to social development and business changes.

Key initiatives in digital transformation are data-driven.

Data is the fifth factor of production after land, labor, capital and technology. And is becoming more and more important in the process of building competitive advantage. Data-driven is to sort out the enterprise’s data assets, integrate, share and mine them, so as to find problems and drive innovation; At the same time, data is the most objective and direct, which can help managers simplify complexity, see the essence of business through complex processes, and better guide operation and production.

Digital transformation is driven by both business and technology.

The driving force of digital transformation comes from the two aspects of business and technology, which is a two-wheel drive process of business and technology. The deep integration of business and technology is the biggest difference between digitalization and informatization. Digital transformation is not only a matter of the technology department. But also requires strong cooperation between the technology department and the business department.

Digital transformation is a collaboration between long-term planning and local construction.

Digital transformation must be made from the strategic level for the overall business planning and design, but in the actual implementation must start from the local business, gradually build, and gradually expand the scope of business. If the overall plan is designed in accordance with the overall business construction, too long the front will put forward higher requirements for organizational management and coordination, and the success rate will be very low in the case of unstable digital foundation and insufficient digital talents.

However, if we only start from the local area, imperfections in other aspects will also affect the effect of local digital transformation. Therefore, when making plans, we need to grasp the matching degree between the overall plan and local implementation, and make corresponding plans in terms of business model, corporate culture, organizational talents and other guarantees.

04 Digitization and informatization

Many people often confuse “informatization” with “digitalization”, and even think that digitalization is informatization. Here, “Manufacturing Frontier” will analyze the connection and difference between “informatization” and “digitalization”.

The term informatization was first proposed by Japanese scholar Tadao Umesao in the 1960s. And China defined informatization as follows in the National Informatization Development Strategy 2006-2020: “Informatization is the historical process of making full use of information technology, developing and utilizing information resources, promoting information exchange and knowledge sharing, improving the quality of economic growth, and promoting the transformation of economic and social development.”

Informationization has been synonymous with the application of information technology in China for a long time, but informationization in a broad sense. Like industrialization, essentially refers to the new historical process that mankind is entering after industrialization.

Specifically, in the application and development stage of enterprises, informatization solves the problem of efficiency, while digitalization is business value orientation, which is usually said to empower the business.

Informatization: “business data”, first let the business process can be recorded by data.

Informatization is the concept of IT supporting business. IT builds information system to realize the function of business.

Informatization = “business data”.

That is, the data generated in the process of production, procurement, sales, customer service, cash flow, etc. of the enterprise is recorded in the business system with data.

The core and essence is to use computer, database and other information technology to achieve business process data management, typical tools are information systems. Such as: report tools, OA, ERP, CRM, SRM, PLM and so on.

Digitalization: “data business”, using the accumulated business data to feed back and optimize business processes.

Digitalization is the concept of IT and business integration, digitalization is not only to achieve business functions, but also to enable business development, the application of digital means for operation.

Digitization = “data business”.

That is, the long-term accumulation of transaction data, user data, potential customer data, product data, etc.

in the process of informatization is continuously integrated into the operation and management of enterprises, through the data to find problems/business opportunities. And optimize the business portfolio with data.

The core and essence is the use of big data, cloud computing and other digital technologies to achieve business innovation, which focuses on “data-driven business”. Typical tools are data-driven systems, such as BI tools, data warehouses, data platforms and so on.

In the information age, IT is positioned as the supporting department of the business, which is often passive to realize the needs of the business and the construction of IT systems. However, in the digital age. IT needs to go to the front end and jointly deliver business value with the business department, and business and IT need to be deeply integrated together.

The digital talent team also needs to have the ability to integrate business and technology at the same time. Or set up a comprehensive team with a high degree of integration of business team and technical team.

Digitalization is generally an extension of information, is the next stage of information. That is, information is the foundation of digitalization, digitalization is the advanced stage of information. However, the digital stage can also coexist with the information stage. Or enterprises enter the digital stage from the beginning, such as data-native enterprises.

05 The nature of digital transformation

Digital transformation is the overall reshaping of an enterprise by digital technology. Compared with traditional information technology, digital transformation is the transformation from technology application to comprehensive reshaping. In essence, it is the use of a new generation of digital, networking and intelligent technologies to achieve a deeper reshaping and reconstruction of enterprises. It is a reinvented self-innovation and a comprehensive reshaping of traditional business, management, business and service models by using digital technologies. It is a way and method to use digital technology and ability to drive enterprise business model innovation and business ecosystem reconstruction.

06 Current situation of enterprise digital transformation

Digital transformation has become the consensus of most enterprises. IDC, a world-renowned research institution, has previously conducted a survey of 2,000 multinational ceos. And the results show that 67% of the global 1000 enterprises and 76% of China’s top 1000 enterprises will put digital transformation as the core of their strategy.

There are 47 million smes in China, but 79 percent of them are in the initial stage of digital transformation, and there is still much room for improvement.

Whether large enterprises or small and medium-sized enterprises, the current stage of enterprise developmen. There is no need to worry about digital transformation and fear, based on the current opening the road of digital transformation will be beneficial to the development of enterprises. At present, digital transformation has become an important measure for the survival of enterprises. Digital transformation is a long-term system engineering, the impact on enterprises is not immediate. It is the development of digital transformation of enterprises to a certain extent. To reach a critical point, digital will quickly play a role, helping enterprises to enter the stage of rapid development.

For large enterprises, with rich resource reserves, they can do a good job in the global planning of enterprise digital transformation, formulate a unified route. And govern from data In terms of management, we should build a good foundation for transformation. And gradually realize the enterprise development strategy according to the plan. For small and medium-sized enterprises, they can start from the business pain points, carry out partial digitization in stages, and run in small steps.

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